Henry IV 1399-1413 Henry IV was born in 1366 the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, who was the fourth son of Edward III. During the reign of Richard II, Henry was made Earl of Derby and Duke of Hereford. A personal dispute broke out between Henry and the Duke of Norfolk, who he accused […]

Richard II 1377-1399 Richard II was son of Edward the Black Prince, by his wife, Joan, called ‘ The Fair Maid of Kent,’ and was born at Bordeaux, in February, 1366. his father died in 1376, and he was created Prince of Wales ; succeeding his grandfather,Edward III, on the throne, 22nd June, 1377. During his minority the […]

Edward III 1327-1377 Edward III was the eldest son of Edward II and Isabella of France was born at Windsor in 1312, and succeeded to the throne, on the deposition of his father, in 1327. Although a regency was appointed, the chief power was held by the queen and her paramour, Roger Mortimer, Earl of […]

Edward II 1307-1327 Edward II was the son of Edward I. He was born at Carnarvon (Caernarfon) in the year 1284. He succeeded his father in 1307, but was largely governed by his ministers, Piers Gaveston and the Despensers. This fact largely provoked rebellion during his reign on the part of the barons who rose up […]

Edward I Longshanks 1272-1307 Edward I (Longshanks) was the eldest son of Henry III and his queen, Eleanor of Provence. Edward was born in 1239 and at the age of only ten he was named governor of Gascony. In 1254, Edward was married to the Princess Eleanor of Castile. Edward began to take a prominent role in matters of […]

Henry III 1216-1272 Henry III., King of England, eldest son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême, was born at Winchester in 1207. He succeeded his father in 1216 and was crowned at Gloucester, in the presence of Gualo, the papal legate, predecessor of Pandulf and one of the guardians of the young king, 28th October of […]

John 1199-1216 John was the youngest son of Henry II by Eleanor of Guienne, and was born in 1166. Early named governor of Ireland, he was sent over, in 1185, to complete its conquest, but such was his imprudence that it was found necessary to recall him; and on the death of his father he was left […]

Richard I The Lionheart 1189-1199 Richard I, surnamed Cœur de Lion, was born 1157, and ascended the throne on the death of his father, Henry II, Sept. 3rd, l189. He had previously taken the cross, and now resolved to fulfil his vow in the fields of Palestine for which object he raised money by the sale […]

Henry II 1154-1189 Henry II was the first of the Plantagenet line of English Kings. Henry was the eldest son of Geoffrey, Earl of Anjou, and his wife, the ex-Empress Matilda, daughter of Henry I, and was born at Mans, in March, 1133. He received his education in England, under the care of his uncle Robert, Earl […]

Civil War Monetary System DENOMINATIONS NEWARK  AR Half-Crown AR Shilling AR Ninepence AR Sixpence PONTEFRACT  AR 2 Shillings AR Shilling RICHMOND  AE Farthing AE Farthing (Strip of 2) Monetary History of the World  © Martin A. Armstrong