Monetary History of England Henry II Silver Penny Part III 1154-1470 by Martin A. Armstrong PLANTAGENET KINGS c1154-1399 With the treaty in which Matilda’s son Henery II (1154-1189) came to the throne, the coinage of England did not immediately reflect the political change. The coinage Stephen continued to be minted until 1158 before a new […]

Monetary History of England Part III 600-1153 AD by Martin A. Armstrong The Anglo Saxon Period c 600-c. 775 During the late 6th century AD, the island of Britain began to undergo a rebirth. Renewed political, cultural and commercial links again start to emerge with the kingdom of the Merovingian Franks. Small quantities of Merovingian gold tremisses have […]

Monetary History of England Part I 2nd century BC – 599 AD by Martin A. Armstrong The Birth of the British Monetary System The earliest forms of money in Britain have taken several mediums based upon commodity values. However, Celtic bronze rings are quite common in Britain and served as a medium of exchange. Money […]

Monetary History of United States Currently under construction Colonial America Massachusetts Maryland New Jersey Coinage of William Wood Virginia Carolina New York French Colonial America Colonial Revolution Continental Congress Massachusetts Connecticut New York New Jersey Vermont Kentucky Monetary History of the United States Fugio issues of Ben Franklin (1787) Birch Patterns (1792) United States (1793-date) […]

Monetary History of Sweden Eric the Victorious (c. 945 – c. 995) was a Swedish monarch who is recognized as the first real king of Sweden. There were earlier Swedish kings, but Eric was the first Swedish king who established a line of succession. Eric became known as the Victorious after defeating an invasion force […]

Monetary History of Spain Ferdinand & Isabella Historical Outline Pre 237 BC Carthaginian Period Roman Period Visigothic Period Kings of Visigothic Spain, 567-714 Liuva I 567-572 Leovigild 568-586 Hermenegild (usurper) 579-584 Reccared I 586-601 Liuva II 601-603 Witteric 603-609 Gundemar 609-612 Sisebut 612-621 Reccared II 621 Swinthila 621-631 Judila (pretender)`631 Sisenand 631-636 Chintila 636-639 Tulga […]

Monetary History of Spanish America Currently under construction Argentina Brazil Mexico Peru The Monetary History of the World © Martin A. Armstrong

Monetary History of Singapore Currently under construction The Monetary History of the World © Martin A. Armstrong

Monetary History of Scotland SCOTLAND David I AR Penny Prince Henry AR Penny Malcolm IV AR Penny William I (The Lion) AR Penny Alexander II AR Penny Alexander III 1st Coinage Crude Portrait AR Penny 2nd Coinage Refined Portrait AR Penny AR Half-Penny AR Farthing Margaret AR Penny John Baliol AR Penny AR Half-Penny 2nd […]

Monetary History of Russia The Russian Monetary System began also with cattle (skot) during the Kievan period. Skins of small animals and precious metals were used as fixed-value exchange rate based upon barter goods. Up until the end of the 12th century, cattle was the unit of account but commerce took place with the skins […]