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France

Monetary History of France  Gallo-Roman Empire Postumus – 259-268 AD Laelinanus – 268 AD Marius 268 – AD Victorinus – 268 AD Tetricus I – 270-273 AD Tetricus II Caesar – 270-273 AD Burgundian Dynasty 435-532 AD Gundobald (473-516 AD) Sigismund (516-524 AD) Gundomar II (524-532 AD) Merovingian Dynasty 475-751 AD Childeric I (c. 475-481) Clovis I […]

Finland

Monetary History of Finland Currently under construction The Monetary History of the World © Martin A. Armstrong

England

Monetary History of England Henry III First Gold Penny of England Introduction Part I 200BC-599AD Part II 600-1153AD Part III 1154-1470 Part IV 1470-1670 Part V 1670-Date Celtic Coinage Gallo-Belgic Armorican Dynastic issues: Atrebates & Regni Cantii Durotriges Trinovantes Catuvellauni Dobunni Iceni Coritani Roman Britain Roman Anglo Saxon 600-775 AD Kings of Northumbria Northumbria Archbishops of York York Kings […]

Denmark

Monetary History of Denmark Currently under construction The Monetary History of the World © Martin A. Armstrong

China

Monetary History of China   The monetary history of China extends back in time at least 3,000 years. At first, money was sea shells, namely the cowry shell during the Shang Dynasty. Barter was always a dominant means of exchange in China that remained largely an agrarian society. Merchants and moneylenders were not well regarded […]

Canada

Monetary History of Canada Early 1600s: Beaver pelts are the one universally accepted medium of exchange, though wheat and moose skins are also legal tender Mid 1600s: Wampum, or strings and belts made from shell beads, becomes legal tender in colonial New England. Eight white beads or four purple beads buy one penny. June 8, 1685: The […]

Belgium

Monetary History of Belgium Currently under construction The Monetary History of the World © Martin A. Armstrong

Baltics

Monetary History of Baltics Currently under construction The Monetary History of the World © Martin A. Armstrong

Austria

Monetary History of Austria Currently under construction The Monetary History of the World © Martin A. Armstrong

Australia

Monetary History of Australia Currently under construction The Monetary History of the World © Martin A. Armstrong