The Origins of Money Chapter II By Martin A. Armstrong Money and the Evolution of Banking While prostitution has long been regarded as the first profession and lawyers as close second, the banking profession is clearly the third oldest known to humankind. The invention of banking preceded that of coinage by several thousand years. Banking […]

The Origins of Money By Martin A. Armstrong First “Official” Coinage minted in Lydia (Turkey) 700 BC The origin of money extends back in time far beyond the recorded history of civilization. Indeed, the definition of money is much broader in scope than many would typically expect. The oldest surviving written records are in cuneiform […]

  Copyright Martin A. Armstrong, all right reserved March 18th, 2012 Please register for Special Updates ArmstrongEconomics.COM / Princeton Economic Institute Copyright Martin A. Armstrong All Rights Reserved Disclaimer: Futures, Options, and Currency trading all have large potential rewards, but also large potential risk. You must be aware of the risks and be willing to […]

Copyright May 22nd, 2011 Please register for Special Updates and Please send comments and suggestions to ArmstrongEconomic.COM Copyright Martin A. Armstrong All Rights Reserved This Report may be forwarded as you like without charge to individuals or governments around the world. It is provided as a Public Service at this time without cost because of […]

Writings 2009 Armstrong Economics: The Dow & The Future (Martin Armstrong, 12/06/09) Armstrong Economics: The Sum of All Fears(Martin Armstrong, 11/26/09) Armstrong Economics: A Forecast for Real Estate(Martin Armstrong, 11/15/09) Armstrong Economics: Capital Flight(Martin Armstrong, 11/11/09) Armstrong Economics: Gold $5000+(Martin Armstrong, 11/07/09) Armstrong Economics: Objective v Subjective Analysis(Martin Armstrong, 11/1/09) Armstrong Economics: Is America on […]

Writings 2011 Armstrong Economics: Financial Border Controls (Martin Armstrong, 12/28/11) Armstrong Economics: 2011 Year-End Outlook (Martin Armstrong, 12/28/11) Armstrong Economics: Answering Your Questions: Gold & Reversals (Martin Armstrong, 12/27/11) Armstrong Economics: Ron Paul, Our Last Hope (Martin Armstrong, 12/19/11) Armstrong Economics: Answering Your Questions, re Politics (Martin Armstrong, 12/16/11) Armstrong Economics: What’s Up with Gold? […]

Martin Armstrong was born in New Jersey the son of a lawyer and Lt. Col under General Patton in World War II. Martin was encouraged by his father to get involved in computers during the mid-1960s. He completed engineering both in hardware and software but after being offered positions by a government contractor RCA in […]

Under Construction Glossary of Money Terminology Historical Outline The Origins of Money Primitive Period Evolution of Banking Birth of Coinage 700-550 BC 550-450BC 450-350BC 350-250BC Great Empires Greece (Mint Marks of Alexander the Great) Egypt Carthage Judaea Roman Empire Republic Imperial Rome By Emperor (Roman Mint Marks)   Empires of the East Byzantium India Persia […]

By Martin A. Armstrong Princeton Economic Institute © Copyright September 26, 1999 For many years, I have pursued a field of study that is at best non-traditional. My discovery of a global business cycle during the early 1970’s was by no means intentional. As a youth growing up in the 1960’s, the atmosphere was anything […]