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Panics of the 17th & 18th Centuries
March 23, 2012
First Bank of the United States 3rd Street Philadelphia 1637 (March) Tulipomania 1662 Russian Copper Panic 1683 European Panic Set off by Ottoman Invasion 1683 Rye House Plot Panic of 1711 1720 Mississippi Bubble (Paris) 1720 South Sea Bubble (London) Panic of 1731 Panic of 1745 Panic of 1763 Panic of 1772 Panic of 1783 […]
On The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Part 3
March 21, 2012
Chapter 23: On Bounties on Production It may not be uninstructive to consider the effects of a bounty on the production of raw produce and other commodities, with a view to observe the application of the principles which I have been endeavouring to establish, with regard to the profits of stock, the division of the […]
On The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Part 2
March 21, 2012
Chapter 12: Land-Tax A land-tax, levied in proportion to the rent of land, and varying with every variation of rent, is in effect a tax on rent; and as such a tax will not apply to that land which yields no rent, nor to the produce of that capital which is employed on the land […]
On The Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Part 1
March 21, 2012
PREFACE The produce of the earth — all that is derived from its surface by the united application of labour, machinery, and capital, is divided among three classes of the community; namely, the proprietor of the land, the owner of the stock or capital necessary for its cultivation, and the labourers by whose industry it […]
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book 5
March 21, 2012
BOOK FIVE OF THE REVENUE OF THE SOVEREIGN OR COMMONWEALTH CHAPTER I: Of the Expenses of the Sovereign or Commonwealth ——————————————————————————– PART 1 Of the Expense of Defence THE first duty of the sovereign, that of protecting the society from the violence and invasion of other independent societies, can be performed only by means of […]
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book 4
March 21, 2012
BOOK FOUR INTRODUCTION ——————————————————————————– OF SYSTEMS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY POLITICAL economy, considered as a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator, proposes two distinct objects: first, to provide a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people, or more properly to enable them to provide such a revenue or subsistence for themselves; and secondly, […]
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book 3
March 21, 2012
BOOK THREE CHAPTER ONE ——————————————————————————– OF THE DIFFERENT PROGRESS OF OPULENCE IN DIFFERENT NATIONS Of the Natural Progress of Opulence THE great commerce of every civilised society is that carried on between the inhabitants of the town and those of the country. It consists in the exchange of rude for manufactured produce, either immediately, or […]
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book 2
March 21, 2012
BOOK TWO – INTRODUCTION OF THE NATURE, ACCUMULATION, AND EMPLOYMENT OF STOCK ——————————————————————————– IN that rude state of society in which there is no division of labour, in which exchanges are seldom made, and in which every man provides everything for himself, it is not necessary that any stock should be accumulated or stored up […]
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations Book 1
March 21, 2012
BOOK ONE OF THE CAUSES OF IMPROVEMENT IN THE PRODUCTIVE POWERS. OF LABOUR, AND OF THE ORDER ACCORDING TO WHICH ITS. PRODUCE IS NATURALLY DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE DIFFERENT RANKS OF THE PEOPLE. CHAPTER I ——————————————————————————– Of the Division of Labour THE greatest improvement in the productive powers of labour, and the greater part of the […]
Birth of Coinage
March 19, 2012
The Origins of Money Chapter III By Martin A. Armstrong The Birth of Coinage The Importance of Weight As trade between regions and nations gradually began to expand, some form of international trade would have been necessary. It is perhaps because of this primary reason that ultimately money among trading nations at least tended to […]
