The History of Financial Panics By Martin A. Armstrong Throughout time, the economy of mankind has swung back and forth between some fantastic periods of prosperity and deep dark depressions. It is our failure to understand this mechanism that often drives the politics of the world also between two extremes of totalitarian regimes and communism […]

Monetary History of the World 450-350 BC by Martin A. Armstrong The Battle of Marathon and the Monetary System The Persian invasion of the Greeks in Asia Minor, under which Lydia fell to King Cyrus, marked the beginning of the legendary struggle between the Greeks and the Persians. The Greek cities in Asia Minor finally […]

Monetary History of the World 550-450BC by Martin A. Armstrong It is generally assumed that Aigina was the first city to mint coins as this new invention spread westward from Asia Minor. Aigina is an island not far off the cost of Athens between the Peloponnese and Attica. The Aiginetic standard was based on a […]

Monetary History of the World 700-550BC By Martin A. Armstrong Only since about 700 B.C. do we find a consistent record of the monetary system of the world. The credit for the creation of an official coinage system belongs to the Ionians or Lydians within the Greek Empire of Asia Minor – modern day Turkey. […]

The Origins of Money Chapter III By Martin A. Armstrong The Birth of Coinage The Importance of Weight As trade between regions and nations gradually began to expand, some form of international trade would have been necessary. It is perhaps because of this primary reason that ultimately money among trading nations at least tended to […]

The Origins of Money Chapter II By Martin A. Armstrong Money and the Evolution of Banking While prostitution has long been regarded as the first profession and lawyers as close second, the banking profession is clearly the third oldest known to humankind. The invention of banking preceded that of coinage by several thousand years. Banking […]

The Origins of Money By Martin A. Armstrong First “Official” Coinage minted in Lydia (Turkey) 700 BC The origin of money extends back in time far beyond the recorded history of civilization. Indeed, the definition of money is much broader in scope than many would typically expect. The oldest surviving written records are in cuneiform […]

  Copyright Martin A. Armstrong, all right reserved March 18th, 2012 Please register for Special Updates ArmstrongEconomics.COM / Princeton Economic Institute Copyright Martin A. Armstrong All Rights Reserved Disclaimer: Futures, Options, and Currency trading all have large potential rewards, but also large potential risk. You must be aware of the risks and be willing to […]

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Copyright May 22nd, 2011 Please register for Special Updates and Please send comments and suggestions to ArmstrongEconomic.COM Copyright Martin A. Armstrong All Rights Reserved This Report may be forwarded as you like without charge to individuals or governments around the world. It is provided as a Public Service at this time without cost because of […]